Academic Writing: Abstract 学术写作：摘要
Basic Profile 基本信息
- Using the present tense to describe general facts and interpretations that have been and are currently true, including the prevailing explanation for the social phenomenon under study.
- Using the present tense to describe the methods, the findings, the arguments, and the implications of the findings from their new research study
- Using the past tense to describe previous research.
- 使用现在时描述一般事实或者已经被证明正确的解释，例如对于社会现象的被广泛接受的解释
- 使用现在时描述方法，发现，论点和研究意义等
- 使用过去时描述过去的研究
| Common Elements checklist | 常见要素清单 |
|---|---|
| 1. the context or background information for your research; the general topic under study; the specific topic of your research | 研究的背景信息；普适但具体的研究话题 |
| 2. Problem: the central questions or statement of the problem your research addresses | 研究探讨的中心问题和论据 |
| 3. what’s already known about this question, what previous research has done or shown | 已有信息的总结，例如之前的研究的成果和结论 |
| 4. Reasons for writing: the main reason(s), the exigency, the rationale, the goals for your research—Why is it important to address these questions? Are you, for example, examining a new topic? Why is that topic worth examining? Are you filling a gap in previous research? Applying new methods to take a fresh look at existing ideas or data? Resolving a dispute within the literature in your field? . . . | 研究的意义包括进行研究的原因，紧迫性，研究目标。例如：为什么需要解决这些问题？为什么这个话题值得研究？先前研究的空白是？是否填补了这些空白？是否基于现有的想法或者数据使用新的方法而产生新的观点？或是解决了之前研究的一些争议？ |
| 5. Methodology: your research and/or analytical methods | 研究方法和分析方法 |
| 6. Results: your main findings, results, or arguments | 发现、结果和论点 |
| 7. Implications: the significance or implications of your findings or arguments | 重要性及其影响 |
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